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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2022-26-3-196-225</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-1676</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ И ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Об одном алгоритме восстановления функции по разным функционалам для прогнозирования редких событий в экономике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>An Algorithm for Restoring a Function from Different Functionals for Predicting Rare Events in the Economy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-4866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кораблев</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korablev</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Александрович Кораблев — кандидат экономических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры системного анализа в экономике.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yurii A. Korablev — Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Assoc. Prof., Department of System Analysis in Economics.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yura-korablyov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Финансовый университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Financial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>196</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кораблев Ю.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кораблев Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korablev Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/1676">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/1676</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования — восстановление некоторых параметров функционала с использованием кубических сплайнов для дальнейшего прогнозирования редких событий в финансах и экономике. Рассмотрен математический метод восстановления неизвестной функции по многим разным функционалам, таким как значение функции, значение ее первой производной, второй производной, а также определенного интеграла на некотором промежутке. Причем все наблюдения могут происходить с погрешностью. Поэтому автор применил метод восстановления функции по разным функционалам, наблюдаемым с погрешностью. Восстановление функции осуществляется в виде кубического сплайна, имеющего представление через значения и вторые производные (value-second derivative representation). Оптимизационная задача заключается в минимизации сразу нескольких сумм квадратов отклонения: для обычных значений, для первых производных, для вторых производных, для интегралов, а также штрафа на нелинейность. Для большей гибкости введены весовые коэффициенты как для каждой группы наблюдений, так и для каждого индивидуального наблюдения в отдельности. Показано, как рассчитывается каждый отдельный функционал. Представлена компактная форма оптимизационной задачи через матричные операции. Подробно показано, как заполняется каждая соответствующая матрица. В приложении представлена программная реализация метода на языке R в виде функции FunctionalSmoothingSpline. Приведены примеры использования метода для анализа и прогнозирования редких (дискретных) событий в экономике. Представлены формулы расчета оценки кросс-валидации CV (α) для автоматической процедуры определения параметра сглаживания α из данных в  нашей задаче восстановления функции по многим функционалам. Сделан вывод, что представленный метод позволяет анализировать и прогнозировать редкие события, что позволит подготовиться к ним, получить из этого определенную выгоду или уменьшить возможные риски или убытки.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper aims to restore some parameters of functionals using cubic splines to forecast rare events in finance and economics. The article considers the mathematical method for recovering an unknown function from many different functionals, such as the value of a function, the value of its first derivative, second derivative, as well as a definite integral over a certain interval. Moreover, all observations can occur with an error. Therefore, the author uses a method of recovering a function from different functionals observed with an error. The function is restored in the form of a cubic spline, which has a value-second derivative representation. The optimization problem consists in minimizing several sums of squares of the deviation at once, for ordinary values, for the first derivatives, for the second derivatives, for integrals, and for roughness penalty. For greater flexibility, weights have been introduced both for each group of observations and for each individual observation separately. The article shows in detail how the elements of each corresponding matrix are filled in. The appendix provides an implementation of the method as a FunctionalSmoothingSpline function in R language. Examples of using the method for the analysis and forecasting of rare (discrete) events in the economy are given. Formulas for calculating the cross-validation score CV (α) for the automatic procedure for determining the smoothing parameter α from the data in our problem of recovering a function by many functionals are shown. The paper concludes that the presented method makes it possible to analyze and predict rare events, which will allow you to prepare for such future events, get some benefit from this, or reduce possible risks or losses.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>редкие события</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd><kwd>анализ событий</kwd><kwd>восстановление по функционалам</kwd><kwd>сглаживающий сплайн</kwd><kwd>штраф на шероховатость</kwd><kwd>R</kwd><kwd>FunctionalSmoothingSpline</kwd><kwd>кросс-валидация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rare events</kwd><kwd>forecast</kwd><kwd>event analysis</kwd><kwd>recovery by functionals</kwd><kwd>smoothing spline</kwd><kwd>roughness penalty</kwd><kwd>R</kwd><kwd>FunctionalSmoothingSpline</kwd><kwd>cross-validation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 19–010–00154. 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