<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2023-27-2-108-118</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-2083</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БАНКОВСКИЙ СЕКТОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BANK SECTOR</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование взаимосвязи бизнес-моделей банков и стабильности экономического развития</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Relationship Between Business Models of Banks and Stability of Economic Development</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3660-6779</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Господарчук</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gospodarchuk</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галина Геннадьевна Господарчук - доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры финансов и кредита</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina G. Gospodarchuk - Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Prof., Department of Finance and Credit</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gospodarchukgg@iee.unn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4747-0803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аистов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aistov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Валентинович Аистов - кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент кафедры экономической теории и эконометрики</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Aistov - Cand. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Assoc. Prof., Department of Economic Theory and Econometrics</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aaistov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5943-4645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сучкова</surname><given-names>Е. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suchkova</surname><given-names>E. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Олеговна Сучкова - старший преподаватель кафедры банковского дела, заместитель декана факультета экономики, академический руководитель магистерской программы «Финансы»</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina O. Suchkova - Senior Lecturer, Department of Banking, Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Economics, Academic Supervisor of Master’s Program “Finance”</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">esychkova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н. И. Лобачевского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N. I. Lobachevsky National Research University of Nizhny Novgorod</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>118</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Господарчук Г.Г., Аистов А.В., Сучкова Е.О., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Господарчук Г.Г., Аистов А.В., Сучкова Е.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gospodarchuk G.G., Aistov A.V., Suchkova E.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/2083">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/2083</self-uri><abstract><p>В зависимости от выбранной бизнес-модели банки могут быть как амортизаторами, так и катализаторами кризиса. В связи с этим анализ взаимосвязи бизнес-моделей банков и финансовых циклов становится полезным инструментом диагностики и прогнозирования кризисных явлений. Цель исследования — выявление связи между объемом задолженности банковского сектора и долговой нагрузкой экономики. В исследовании используются эконометрические методы. Результатом исследования являются две новые эконометрические модели, которые были откалиброваны применительно к российской экономике. Модели отличаются друг от друга видами банковских обязательств, используемых при расчете независимых переменных, а от существующих моделей — алгоритмом вычисления независимых переменных. Источником информации является официальная статистика Банка России за период 2008–2019 гг. Тесты моделей подтвердили наличие статистически значимой коинтеграционной связи между долговыми нагрузками банковского сектора и экономики. Коэффициенты связи в моделях идентифицируются как мультипликаторы долга банковского сектора и характеризуют мультипликативный эффект изменения долговой нагрузки банков. Для модели, содержащей балансовые обязательства банков, мультипликатор долга для экономики России составил 6,7; а для модели с использованием показателя совокупных обязательств банков — 3,1. Разработанные модели удобны в использовании для прогнозирования финансовых циклов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Depending on the chosen business model, banks can act as both shock absorbers and crisis catalysts. In this regard, the analysis of the relationship between banks’ business models and financial cycles becomes a useful tool for diagnosing and predicting crisis phenomena. The purpose of the research is to identify the relationship between the volume of debt of the banking and the debt burden of the economy. The research uses econometric methods. The key result of the research is two new econometric models, which were calibrated for the Russian economy. The models differ from each other by the types of bank liabilities used in the calculation of independent variables. The models also differ from the existing models by the calculation algorithm of independent variables. The source of information is the official statistics of the Bank of Russia for the period 2008–2019. The tests of the models confirmed the presence of a statistically significant cointegration relationship between the debt burden of the banking sector and the debt burden of the economy. Coupling coefficients in the models are identified as debt multipliers of the banking sector and characterize the multiplier effect of changes in the debt burden of banks. For the model containing banks’ balance sheet liabilities, the debt multiplier for the Russian economy was 6.7; and for the model using banks’ total liabilities was 3.1. The developed models are easy-to-use for forecasting financial cycles.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стабильность экономики</kwd><kwd>банки</kwd><kwd>бизнес-модели</kwd><kwd>долговая нагрузка</kwd><kwd>кредитные циклы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic stability</kwd><kwd>banks</kwd><kwd>business models</kwd><kwd>credit burden</kwd><kwd>credit cycles</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации в рамках Программы стратегического академического лидерства "Приоритет 2030" № Н-481–99_2021–2022 (2021–2022). Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет имени Н.И. Лобачевского, Нижний Новгород, Россия.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation as part of the Priority 2030 Strategic Academic Leadership Programme No. Н-481–99_2021–2022 (2021–2022). National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roengpitya R., Tarashev N. A., Tsatsaronis K., Villegas A. Bank business models: Popularity and performance. BIS Working Papers. 2017;(682). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/work682.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roengpitya R., Tarashev N. A., Tsatsaronis K., Villegas A. Bank business models: Popularity and performance. BIS Working Papers. 2017;(682). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/work682.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kok C., More C., Petrescu M. Recent trends in Euro area banks’ business models and implications for banking sector stability. Financial Stability Review. 2016;(May):130–143. URL: https:/www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/fsr/art/ecb.fsrart201605_03.en.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kok C., More C., Petrescu M. Recent trends in Euro area banks’ business models and implications for banking sector stability. Financial Stability Review. 2016;(May):130–143. URL: https:/www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/fsr/art/ecb.fsrart201605_03.en.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tran D. V., Hoang K., Nguyen C. How does economic policy uncertainty affect bank business models? Finance Research Letters. 2021;39:101639. DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101639</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tran D. V., Hoang K., Nguyen C. How does economic policy uncertainty affect bank business models? Finance Research Letters. 2021;39:101639. DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101639</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cavelaars P., de Haan J., Hilbers P., Stellinga B. Challenges for financial sector supervision. DNB Occasional Studies. 2013;11(6):1–62. URL: https://www.dnb.nl/media/u2pjevcp/201312_nr-_6_-2013-_challenges_for_financial_sector_supervision.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cavelaars P., de Haan J., Hilbers P., Stellinga B. Challenges for financial sector supervision. DNB Occasional Studies. 2013;11(6):1–62. URL: https://www.dnb.nl/media/u2pjevcp/201312_nr-_6_-2013-_challenges_for_financial_sector_supervision.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanzi P. M., Aruanno E., Suardi M. A European banking business models analysis: The investment services case. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance. 2018;26(1):35–57. DOI: 10.1108/JFRC-04–2016–0028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanzi P. M., Aruanno E., Suardi M. A European banking business models analysis: The investment services case. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance. 2018;26(1):35–57. DOI: 10.1108/JFRC-04–2016–0028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karkowska R. Business model as a concept of sustainability in the banking sector. Sustainability. 2020;12(1):111. DOI: 10.3390/su12010111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karkowska R. Business model as a concept of sustainability in the banking sector. Sustainability. 2020;12(1):111. DOI: 10.3390/su12010111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farnè M., Vouldis A. T. Banks’ business models in the Euro area: A cluster analysis in high dimensions. Annals of Operations Research. 2021;305(1–2):23–57. DOI: 10.1007/s10479–021–04045–9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farnè M., Vouldis A. T. Banks’ business models in the Euro area: A cluster analysis in high dimensions. Annals of Operations Research. 2021;305(1–2):23–57. DOI: 10.1007/s10479–021–04045–9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blundell-Wignall A., Atkinson P., Roulet C. Bank business models and the Basel system: complexity and interconnectedness. OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends. 2014;2013(2):43–68. DOI: 10.1787/fmt-2013–5jzb2rhkd65b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blundell-Wignall A., Atkinson P., Roulet C. Bank business models and the Basel system: complexity and interconnectedness. OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends. 2014;2013(2):43–68. DOI: 10.1787/fmt-2013–5jzb2rhkd65b</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abuselidze G. The impact of banking competition on economic growth and financial stability: An empirical investigation. European Journal of Sustainable Development. 2021;10(1):203. DOI: 10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abuselidze G. The impact of banking competition on economic growth and financial stability: An empirical investigation. European Journal of Sustainable Development. 2021;10(1):203. DOI: 10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mergaerts F., Vander Vennet R. Business models and bank performance: A long-term perspective. Journal of Financial Stability. 2016;22:57–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2015.12.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mergaerts F., Vander Vennet R. Business models and bank performance: A long-term perspective. Journal of Financial Stability. 2016;22:57–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2015.12.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayadi R., De Groen W., Sassi I., Mathlouthi W., Rey H., Aubry O. Banking business models monitor 2015: Europe. Montréal: International Research Centre on Cooperative Finance; 2016. 125 p. URL: https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Banking-Business-Models-Monitor-Europe-2015.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayadi R., De Groen W., Sassi I., Mathlouthi W., Rey H., Aubry O. Banking business models monitor 2015: Europe. Montréal: International Research Centre on Cooperative Finance; 2016. 125 p. URL: https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Banking-Business-Models-Monitor-Europe-2015.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunnermeier M. K., Pedersen L. H. Market liquidity and funding liquidity. The Review of Financial Studies. 2009;22(6):2201–2238. DOI: 10.1093/rfs/hhn098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunnermeier M. K., Pedersen L. H. Market liquidity and funding liquidity. The Review of Financial Studies. 2009;22(6):2201–2238. DOI: 10.1093/rfs/hhn098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olszak M., Roszkowska S., Kowalska I. Do macroprudential policy instruments reduce the procyclical impact of capital ratio on bank lending? Cross-country evidence. Baltic Journal of Economics. 2019;19(1):1–38. DOI: 10.1080/1406099X.2018.1547565</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olszak M., Roszkowska S., Kowalska I. Do macroprudential policy instruments reduce the procyclical impact of capital ratio on bank lending? Cross-country evidence. Baltic Journal of Economics. 2019;19(1):1–38. DOI: 10.1080/1406099X.2018.1547565</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noreen U., Alamdar F., Tariq T. Capital buffers and bank risk: Empirical study of adjustment of Pakistani banks. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2016;6(4):1798–1806. URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/3077/pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noreen U., Alamdar F., Tariq T. Capital buffers and bank risk: Empirical study of adjustment of Pakistani banks. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2016;6(4):1798–1806. URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/3077/pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bui C., Scheule H., Wu E. The value of bank capital buffers in maintaining financial system resilience. Journal of Financial Stability. 2017;33:23–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2017.10.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bui C., Scheule H., Wu E. The value of bank capital buffers in maintaining financial system resilience. Journal of Financial Stability. 2017;33:23–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2017.10.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hodbod A., Huber S. J., Vasilev K. Sectoral risk-weights and macroprudential policy. Journal of Banking &amp; Finance. 2020;112:105336. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.04.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hodbod A., Huber S. J., Vasilev K. Sectoral risk-weights and macroprudential policy. Journal of Banking &amp; Finance. 2020;112:105336. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.04.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong F., Xu Z. Cycles of credit expansion and misallocation: The good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Economic Theory. 2020;186:104994. DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2020.104994</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong F., Xu Z. Cycles of credit expansion and misallocation: The good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Economic Theory. 2020;186:104994. DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2020.104994</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Virtanen T., Tölö E., Virén M., Taipalus K. Can bubble theory foresee banking crises? Journal of Financial Stability. 2018;36:66–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2018.02.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Virtanen T., Tölö E., Virén M., Taipalus K. Can bubble theory foresee banking crises? Journal of Financial Stability. 2018;36:66–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2018.02.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gadzo S. G., Kportorgbi H. K.; Gatsi J. G. Credit risk and operational risk on financial performance of universal banks in Ghana: A partial least squared structural equation model (PLS SEM) approach. Cogent Economics &amp; Finance. 2019;7(1):1589406. DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2019.1589406</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gadzo S. G., Kportorgbi H. K.; Gatsi J. G. Credit risk and operational risk on financial performance of universal banks in Ghana: A partial least squared structural equation model (PLS SEM) approach. Cogent Economics &amp; Finance. 2019;7(1):1589406. DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2019.1589406</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bressan S. The funding of subsidiaries equity, double leverage, and the risk of bank holding companies. Journal of Business Finance &amp; Accounting. 2018;45(1–2):209–231. DOI: 10.1111/jbfa.12288</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bressan S. The funding of subsidiaries equity, double leverage, and the risk of bank holding companies. Journal of Business Finance &amp; Accounting. 2018;45(1–2):209–231. DOI: 10.1111/jbfa.12288</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cociuba S. E., Shukayev M., Ueberfeldt A. Managing risk taking with interest rate policy and macroprudential regulations. Economic Inquiry. 2019;57(2):1056–1081. DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12754</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cociuba S. E., Shukayev M., Ueberfeldt A. Managing risk taking with interest rate policy and macroprudential regulations. Economic Inquiry. 2019;57(2):1056–1081. DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12754</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King M. Banking: from Bagehot to Basel, and back again. Speech by Mr. Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England, at the Second Bagehot Lecture, Buttonwood Gathering, New York, 25 October 2010. URL: https://www.bis.org/review/r101028a.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King M. Banking: from Bagehot to Basel, and back again. Speech by Mr. Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England, at the Second Bagehot Lecture, Buttonwood Gathering, New York, 25 October 2010. URL: https://www.bis.org/review/r101028a.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mankart J., Michaelides A., Pagratis S. Bank capital buffers in a dynamic model. Financial Management. 2020;49(2):473–502. DOI: 10.1111/fima.12253</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mankart J., Michaelides A., Pagratis S. Bank capital buffers in a dynamic model. Financial Management. 2020;49(2):473–502. DOI: 10.1111/fima.12253</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Haan J. Fang Y., Jing Z. Does the risk on banks’ balance sheets predict banking crises? New evidence for developing countries. International Review of Economics &amp; Finance. 2020;68:254–268. DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2020.03.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Haan J. Fang Y., Jing Z. Does the risk on banks’ balance sheets predict banking crises? New evidence for developing countries. International Review of Economics &amp; Finance. 2020;68:254–268. DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2020.03.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jarmuzek M., Rozenov R. Excessive private sector leverage and its drivers: Evidence from advanced economies. Applied Economics. 2019;51(34):3787–3803. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2019.1584383</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jarmuzek M., Rozenov R. Excessive private sector leverage and its drivers: Evidence from advanced economies. Applied Economics. 2019;51(34):3787–3803. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2019.1584383</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schoenmaker D., Wierts P. Macroprudential supervision: From theory to policy. National Institute Economic Review. 2016;235(1):50–62. DOI: 10.1177/002795011623500115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schoenmaker D., Wierts P. Macroprudential supervision: From theory to policy. National Institute Economic Review. 2016;235(1):50–62. DOI: 10.1177/002795011623500115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaya E., Koksal Y. Leverage and procyclicality: An application on banking sector. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2019;14(2):331–346. (In Turk.). DOI: 10.17153/oguiibf.451134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaya E., Koksal Y. Leverage and procyclicality: An application on banking sector. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2019;14(2):331–346. (In Turk.). DOI: 10.17153/oguiibf.451134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gross M., Henry J., Semmler W. Destabilizing effects of bank overleveraging on real activity — an analysis based on a threshold MCS-GVAR. Macroeconomic Dynamics. 2018;22(7):1750–1768. DOI: 10.1017/S 1365100516001024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gross M., Henry J., Semmler W. Destabilizing effects of bank overleveraging on real activity — an analysis based on a threshold MCS-GVAR. Macroeconomic Dynamics. 2018;22(7):1750–1768. DOI: 10.1017/S 1365100516001024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drehmann M., Juselius M. Evaluating early warning indicators of banking crises: Satisfying policy requirements. International Journal of Forecasting. 2014;30(3):759–780. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2013.10.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drehmann M., Juselius M. Evaluating early warning indicators of banking crises: Satisfying policy requirements. International Journal of Forecasting. 2014;30(3):759–780. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2013.10.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engle R. F., Granger C. W.J. Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica. 1987;55(2):251–276. DOI: 10.2307/1913236</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engle R. F., Granger C. W.J. Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica. 1987;55(2):251–276. DOI: 10.2307/1913236</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
