<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2024-28-2-82-100</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-2811</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦИФРОВЫЕ ФИНАНСОВЫЕ АКТИВЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIGITAL FINANCIAL ASSETS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Цифровые валюты центральных банков для трансграничных платежей: модели интероперабельности и перспективы внедрения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Central Banks Digital Currencies for Cross-Border Payments: Interoperability Models and Implementation Possibilities</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-1967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочергин</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochergin</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кочергин Дмитрий Анатольевич — доктор экономических наук, главный научный сотрудник.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry А. Kochergin — Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Chief Researcher, Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kda2001@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экономики Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кочергин Д.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кочергин Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kochergin D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/2811">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/2811</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследование посвящено вопросам использования цифровых валют центральных банков в трансграничных платежах. Цель статьи состоит в определении потенциала трансграничных платежей с применением механизмов multi-CBDC/mCBDC на основе разных моделей интероперабельности. В статье обозначены основные проблемы современных трансграничных расчетов и возможные риски, связанные с внедрением mCBDCs. Выявлены особенности различных моделей интероперабельности mCBDC и определены перспективы их использования. В результате исследования установлено, что основные проблемы традиционных трансграничных расчетов заключаются в использовании устаревших технологических платформ, фрагментарных форматов представления данных, сложной процедуры комплаенса, длинных транзакционных цепочек и др. Определено, что основными рисками, связанными с внедрением mCBDCs, являются: «цифровая долларизация», трансграничные «переливочные эффекты» экономических и финансовых шоков, использование цифровой валюты для уклонения от уплаты налогов, усложнение процессов надзора за национальной денежной системой и финансовым рынком и др. Cреди трех основных моделей интероперабельности mCBDC модель единой мультивалютной системы mCBDC является наиболее перспективной, так как в наилучшей степени позволяет смягчить трансграничные и кросс-валютные риски, расширить возможности по инфраструктурной интеграции и технической совместимости систем CBDC, сократить число посредников и повысить безопасность расчетов. В то же время для успешной реализации механизмов mCBDC центральным банкам необходимо не только учитывать уровень технологического и инфраструктурного развития отдельных национальных систем CBDC, но также наличие экономических стимулов и санкционных ограничений на проведение трансграничных расчетов с другими странами-участницами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study is devoted to the use of central bank digital currencies in cross-border settlements. The purpose of the paper is to identify the capacity of cross-border settlements using multi-CBDC/mCBCD mechanisms based on different interoperability models. The study identified the main problems of modern cross-border settlements and the possible risks associated with the implementation of mCBDCs. The features of various models of interoperability in mCBDCs arrangements are revealed and prospects of their use are defined. It was concluded that the main problems of traditional cross-border settlements are legacy technology platforms, fragmented data presentation formats; complex processing of compliance checks; long transaction chains and etc. It was identified that the main risks associated with the implementation of mCBDCs are: “digital dollarization”, international “spillover effects” of economic and financial shocks, the use of digital currency for tax evasion and supervision of the domestic monetary system and financial market, etc. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that among the three main models of interoperability of mCBDCs, the single system model is the most prospect, since it allows to mitigate of cross-border and cross-currency risks, expand opportunities for infrastructure integration and technical compatibility, reduce the number of intermediaries and improves the security of settlements. In order to successfully implement mCBDC projects, in addition to the chosen operating model, a sufficiently high overall level of technological and infrastructural development of national CBDC systems, as well as economic and geopolitical interest in carrying out cross-border settlements between participating countries.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>центральный банк</kwd><kwd>трансграничные платежи</kwd><kwd>цифровая валюта центрального банка (CBDC)</kwd><kwd>cистема цифровой валюты центрального банка (CBDC system)</kwd><kwd>механизмы совместного использования цифровых валют центральных банков (multi-CBDC/mCBDC arrangements)</kwd><kwd>модели интероперабельности mCBDC</kwd><kwd>риски использования цифровых валют центральных банков в трансграничных расчетах</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>central bank</kwd><kwd>cross-border payments</kwd><kwd>central bank digital currency (CBDC)</kwd><kwd>CBDC system</kwd><kwd>multi-CBDC/mCBDC arrangements</kwd><kwd>interoperability models of mCBDC</kwd><kwd>risks of CBDCs for cross-border settlements</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auer A., Haene P., Holden H. Multi-CBDC arrangements and the future of cross-border payments. BIS Papers. 2021;(115). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap115.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auer A., Haene P., Holden H. Multi-CBDC arrangements and the future of cross-border payments. BIS Papers. 2021;(115). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap115.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renzetti M., Dinacci F., Börestam A. Cross-currency settlement of instant payments in a multi-currency clearing and settlement mechanism. In: CPMI conf. proc. “Pushing the frontiers of payments: Towards faster, cheaper, more transparent and more inclusive cross-border payments. (18–19 March, 2021). Basel: Bank for International Settlements; 2021. URL: https://www.bis.org/events/cpmi_ptfop/proceedings/paper8.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renzetti M., Dinacci F., Börestam A. Cross-currency settlement of instant payments in a multi-currency clearing and settlement mechanism. In: CPMI conf. proc. “Pushing the frontiers of payments: Towards faster, cheaper, more transparent and more inclusive cross-border payments. (18–19 March, 2021). Basel: Bank for International Settlements; 2021. URL: https://www.bis.org/events/cpmi_ptfop/proceedings/paper8.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрюшин С.А. Криптовалюты: выпуск, обращение и проблемы регулирования. Актуальные проблемы экономики и права. 2020;14(3):455–468. DOI: 10.21202/1993–047X.14.2020.3.455–468</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andryushin S. A. Cryptocurrencies: Issue, circulation and problems of regulation. Aktual’nye problemy ekonomiki i prava = Actual Problems of Economics and Law. 2020;14(3):455–468. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21202/1993–047X.14.2020.3.455–468</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрюшин С. А., Кочергин Д. А. Стейблкойны как новая форма цифровых денег: эмиссия, обращение, регулирование и управление рисками. Вопросы экономики. 2022;(6):42–68. DOI: 10.32609/0042–8736–2022–6–42–68</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andryushin S. A., Kochergin D. A. Stableсoins as a new form of digital money: Emission, circulation, regulation and risk management. Voprosy ekonomiki. 2022;(6):42–68. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.32609/0042–8736–2022–6–42–68</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кочергин Д.А., Иванова А.И. Стейблкойны: классификация, функциональные особенности и перспективы развития. Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. 2022;(1):100–120. DOI: 10.31737/2221–2264–2022–53–1–5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochergin D. A., Ivanova A. I. Stablecoins: Classification, functional features and development prospects. Zhurnal Novoi ekonomicheskoi assotsiatsii = Journal of the New Economic Association. 2022;(1):100–120. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.31737/2221–2264–2022–53–1–5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carstens A. Remarks at the “Cross-border payments — a vision for the future” panel hosted by the IMF. Oct. 19, 2020. URL: https://meetings.imf.org/en/2020/Annual/Schedule/2020/10/19/imf-cross-border-payments-a-vision-for-the-future (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carstens A. Remarks at the “Cross-border payments — a vision for the future” panel hosted by the IMF. Oct. 19, 2020. URL: https://meetings.imf.org/en/2020/Annual/Schedule/2020/10/19/imf-cross-border-payments-a-vision-for-the-future (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carstens A. Digital currencies and the future of the monetary system. Remarks at the Hoover Institution policy seminar. Basel, Jan. 27, 2021. URL: https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp210127.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carstens A. Digital currencies and the future of the monetary system. Remarks at the Hoover Institution policy seminar. Basel, Jan. 27, 2021. URL: https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp210127.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carstens A. Innovation and the future of the monetary system. Keynote speech at the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). Singapore, Feb. 22, 2023. URL: https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp230222.htm (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carstens A. Innovation and the future of the monetary system. Keynote speech at the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). Singapore, Feb. 22, 2023. URL: https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp230222.htm (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bindseil U., Pantelopoulos G. Towards the Holy Grail of cross-border payments. European Central Bank Working Paper Series. 2022;(2693). URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2693~8d4e580438.en.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bindseil U., Pantelopoulos G. Towards the Holy Grail of cross-border payments. European Central Bank Working Paper Series. 2022;(2693). URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2693~8d4e580438.en.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bech M. L., Holden Н. FX settlement risk remains significant. BIS Quarterly Review. 2019;(December):48–49. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1912x.htm (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bech M. L., Holden Н. FX settlement risk remains significant. BIS Quarterly Review. 2019;(December):48–49. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1912x.htm (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bech M., Faruqui U., Shirakami T. Payments without borders. BIS Quarterly Review. 2020;(March):53–65. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2003h.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bech M., Faruqui U., Shirakami T. Payments without borders. BIS Quarterly Review. 2020;(March):53–65. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2003h.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez-Saiz H., Zhang L., Iyer R. Currency usage for cross-border payments. IMF Working Paper. 2023;(72). URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WP/2023/English/wpiea2023072-print-pdf.ashx (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez-Saiz H., Zhang L., Iyer R. Currency usage for cross-border payments. IMF Working Paper. 2023;(72). URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WP/2023/English/wpiea2023072-print-pdf.ashx (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bindseil U. Tiered CBDC and the financial system. European Central Bank Working Paper Series. 2020;(2351). URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2351~c8c18bbd60.en.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bindseil U. Tiered CBDC and the financial system. European Central Bank Working Paper Series. 2020;(2351). URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2351~c8c18bbd60.en.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg A., Borensztein E. The pros and cons of full dollarization. IMF Working Paper. 2000;(50). URL: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0050.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg A., Borensztein E. The pros and cons of full dollarization. IMF Working Paper. 2000;(50). URL: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0050.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrari M. M., Mehl M., Stracca L. Central bank digital currency in an open economy. European Central Bank Working Paper Series. 2020;(2488). URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2488~fede33ca65.da.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrari M. M., Mehl M., Stracca L. Central bank digital currency in an open economy. European Central Bank Working Paper Series. 2020;(2488). URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2488~fede33ca65.da.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auer R., Boar C., Cornelli G., et al. CBDCs beyond borders: Results from a survey of central banks. BIS Papers. 2021;(116). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap116.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auer R., Boar C., Cornelli G., et al. CBDCs beyond borders: Results from a survey of central banks. BIS Papers. 2021;(116). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap116.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diez de los Rios A., Zhu Y. CBDC and monetary sovereignty. Bank of Canada Staff Analytical Note. 2020;(5). URL: https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2020/02/staff-analytical-note-2020–5/ (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diez de los Rios A., Zhu Y. CBDC and monetary sovereignty. Bank of Canada Staff Analytical Note. 2020;(5). URL: https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2020/02/staff-analytical-note-2020–5/ (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popescu A. Cross-border central bank digital currencies, bank runs and capital flows volatility. IMF Working Paper. 2022;(83). URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WP/2022/English/wpiea2022083-print-pdf.ashx (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popescu A. Cross-border central bank digital currencies, bank runs and capital flows volatility. IMF Working Paper. 2022;(83). URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WP/2022/English/wpiea2022083-print-pdf.ashx (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumhof M., Noone C. Central bank digital currencies — design principles and balance sheet implications. Bank of England Staff Working Paper. 2018;(725). URL: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/working-paper/2018/central-bank-digital-currencies-design-principles-and-balance-sheet-implications (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumhof M., Noone C. Central bank digital currencies — design principles and balance sheet implications. Bank of England Staff Working Paper. 2018;(725). URL: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/working-paper/2018/central-bank-digital-currencies-design-principles-and-balance-sheet-implications (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adrian T., Mancini-Griffoli T. The rise of digital money. International Monetary Fund Fintech Note. 2019;(1). URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/FTN 063/2019/English/FTNEA2019001.ashx (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adrian T., Mancini-Griffoli T. The rise of digital money. International Monetary Fund Fintech Note. 2019;(1). URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/FTN 063/2019/English/FTNEA2019001.ashx (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кочергин Д. А. Современные модели систем цифровых валют центральных банков. Вестник Санкт Петербургского университета. Экономика. 2021;37(2):205–240. DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2021.202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochergin D. A. Modern models of systems of central bank digital currency. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ekonomika = St. Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies (SUJES). 2021;37(2):205–240. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2021.202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кочергин Д. А. Цифровые валюты центральных банков: мировой опыт. Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2021;65(5):68–77. DOI: 10.20542/0131–2227–2021–65–5–68–77</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochergin D. A. Central banks digital currencies: World experience. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya = World Economy and International Relations. 2021;65(5):68–77. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.20542/0131–2227–2021–65–5–68–77</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boar C., Claessens S., Kosse A., Leckow R., Rice T. Interoperability between payment systems across borders. BIS Bulletin. 2021;(49). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull49.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boar C., Claessens S., Kosse A., Leckow R., Rice T. Interoperability between payment systems across borders. BIS Bulletin. 2021;(49). URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull49.pdf (accessed on 10.10.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
