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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2024-28-5-6-20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-3173</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЕ ФИНАНСЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>STATE FINANCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Избыточные заимствования в долговой политике Российской Федерации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Excessive Borrowing in Debt Policy of the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>O. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оксана Генриховна Дмитриева, доктор экономических наук, профессор, депутат Государственной Думы РФ, член комитета</p><p>комитет по бюджету и налогам</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana G. Dmitrieva, Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Prof., Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, Member of the Committee</p><p>Committee on Budget and Taxes</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitrieva@duma.gov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Государственная Дума РФ<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State Duma of the Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дмитриева О.Г., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дмитриева О.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dmitrieva O.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/3173">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/3173</self-uri><abstract><p>   Предмет исследования — политика долга и заимствований в Российской Федерации за 2001–2023 гг., пополнение и использование Фонда национального благосостояния (ФНБ), действие «бюджетного правила».</p><p>   Цель работы — определение фактических следствий фискального механизма, получившего название «бюджетного правила», а также оценка реальной эффективности и потенциальной возможности использования ФНБ в качестве инструмента антициклического регулирования нефтяной конъюнктуры.</p><p>   Использован метод системного анализа данных плановых и фактически исполненных федеральных бюджетов, остатков средств бюджета на конец финансового года в сопоставлении с политикой заимствований. Применяется впервые разработанная автором методика расчета избыточных заимствований. Научной новизной отличается впервые выявленный факт того, что прирост государственного долга существенно превышал потребности в заимствованиях для покрытия дефицита бюджета. Также впервые сделан количественный анализ роста государственного долга при профицитных бюджетах. Продолжены исследования такого явления, как дефицитно-профицитные бюджеты, впервые описанные автором. Проведена оценка избыточных заимствований РФ за 2001–2023 гг. Установлено, что пополнение и использование средств ФНБ, предписанное разными версиями «бюджетного правила», явилось одним из основных факторов и причин избыточных заимствований и, как следствие, роста расходов на обслуживание государственного долга, доля которых в расходах федерального бюджета увеличилась с 1,8 % в 2009 г. до 5,33 % в 2023 г. Показано, что росту государственного долга сверх потребности покрытия дефицита бюджета способствуют системные пороки бюджетной классификации по разделу «источники покрытия дефицита бюджета», что создает возможности искусственно наращивать долг при отсутствии потребности в заимствованиях. Сделан вывод о том, что ФНБ не работает и не может работать в качестве инструмента антициклического регулирования нефтяной конъюнктуры, а попытка его использования в подобном качестве приводит к росту государственного долга и расходов на его обслуживание. Практическая значимость результатов исследования заключается в предложениях по изменению бюджетной политики в части заимствований и формирования ФНБ, а также в рекомендациях по изменению бюджетной классификации, что может быть востребовано многими странами, формирующими национальные суверенные фонды.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The subject of the study is the debt policy of the Russian Federation in 2001–2023, the replenishment and withdrawal of the National Wealth Fund (NWF), the mechanism of the “fiscal rule”.</p><p>   The purpose of the study is to discover the real effects of implementation of the fiscal mechanism known as “fiscal rule” as well as evaluation of the real efficiency and potential of the application of the mechanism of NWF as a countercyclical regulation tool.</p><p>   The research used the method of system analysis of the federal budget data, budget balances in the framework of debt policy. The study also used the methodology for calculating excessive borrowings developed by the author for the first time. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact, which is discovered for the first time, that the increase of the state debt significantly exceeded the real requirement for state borrowings in order to cover the federal budget deficit. Special attention was paid to the budget surplus and the quantitative analysis of the state debt growth in the framework of surplus budgets. The research of a deficit-surplus budget phenomenon, initially described by O. Dmitrieva, is continued in the paper. The cost estimation of the excessive borrowings through the period of 2001–2023 is made. It has been established that the replenishment of the NWF according to the different versions of the “fiscal rule” is the main factor of the excessiveborrowings and, consequently, the increasing debt service costs. The share of debt service costs in the federal budget expenses increased from 1.8 % in 2009 to 5.33 % in 2023. It has been shown that the systemic vices in the section “sources of the budget deficit coverage” creates the opportunity for artificial increase in debt beyond the level of the real requirement for state borrowings, contributing to the state debt growth. In the conclusion of the research it is articulated that the NWF does not work and cannot work as a countercyclical regulation tool and an attempt to use it in this capacity leads to an increase in state debt and debt service costs. The practical significance of the research lies in the debt police improvement proposals and recommendations for budget classification and have the remarkable practical significance for all countries which have been creating national sovereign funds.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>государственный долг</kwd><kwd>Фонд национального благосостояния</kwd><kwd>дефицит (профицит) бюджета</kwd><kwd>расходы на обслуживание долга</kwd><kwd>«бюджетное правило»</kwd><kwd>расходы</kwd><kwd>избыточные заимствования</kwd><kwd>суверенные фонды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>state debt</kwd><kwd>the National Wealth Fund</kwd><kwd>deficit (surplus) of the Federal budget</kwd><kwd>debt service costs</kwd><kwd>fiscal rule</kwd><kwd>expenses</kwd><kwd>excessive borrowings</kwd><kwd>sovereign funds</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barro R. J. 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