<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2025-29-4-177-195</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-3849</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦЕНООБРАЗОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRICING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ключевые детерминанты установления и изменения цен на рынке углеродных квот</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Key Determinants of Price Setting and Change in the Carbon Market</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-5205</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ордов</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ordov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константин Васильевич Ордов —  доктор экономических наук, доцент, директор Высшей школы финансов, заведующий кафедрой финансов устойчивого развития</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin V. Ordov —  Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Assist. Prof., Director of the Higher School of Finance, Head of the Department of Sustainable Development Finance</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ordov-reu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8235-7956</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зацарная</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zatsarnaya</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Надежда Альбертовна Зацарная —  младший научный сотрудник Высшей школы финансов, старший преподаватель кафедры финансов устойчивого развития</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda A. Zatsarnaya —  Junior Research Fellow of the Higher School of Finance, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Sustainable Development Finance</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">czarina-21@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0494-2700</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисенко</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisenko</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никита Романович Денисенко —  студент Высшей школы финансов</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita R. Denisenko —  student of the Higher School of Finance</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikitadenisenko1324@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский экономический университет имени Г. В. Плеханова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>177</fpage><lpage>195</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ордов К.В., Зацарная Н.А., Денисенко Н.Р., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ордов К.В., Зацарная Н.А., Денисенко Н.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ordov K.V., Zatsarnaya N.A., Denisenko N.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/3849">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/3849</self-uri><abstract><p>Поскольку объемы выбросов парниковых газов в атмосферу перманентно возрастают, страны, разделяющие принципы устойчивого развития, стремятся стимулировать снижение объемов эмиссии посредством введения системы квотирования выбросов и формирования рынка углеродных единиц. В результате одним из базовых факторов, влияющих на объем выбросов парниковых газов, становится цена углеродной единицы, а факторы, ее определяющие, приобретают особенную актуальность. Объектом исследования являются факторы и условия формирования цен на углеродные единицы как инструменты компенсации объемов эмиссии парниковых газов. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении ключевых детерминант установления и изменения цен на углеродные единицы. В процессе написания статьи использованы как общенаучные методы исследования: анализ, синтез, обобщение и классификация данных, —  так и экономико-математические методы, в том числе корреляционно-регрессионный анализ. Исследованы европейская, новозеландская и корейская системы торговли квотами. Сделан вывод о наличии кластеров волатильности на их рынках углеродных единиц. Выявлены ключевые детерминанты волатильности цен на угле родные единицы и факторы, способствующие их росту: цена на сырую нефть, газ, уголь, газолин; шоки, вызывающие рецессию в экономике; общий объем квот на выбросы углерода на рынке; объем бесплатно распределяемых квот; число и перечень отраслей, охваченных системой торговли квотами. Определены и обоснованы этапы формирования цены на углеродные единицы для целей сокращения объемов выбросов парниковых газов. Полученные в ходе выполнения исследования результаты и разработанные рекомендации направлены на создание рынка углеродных единиц в России и повышение его эффективности в сравнении с существующими практиками. Они будут использованы при проведении дальнейших фундаментальных исследований, а также практических разработок в области торговли углеродными единицами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>As greenhouse gas emissions are increasing year by year, both developed and developing countries are seeking to incentivize their reduction through emissions trading. Therefore, the price of a carbon unit becomes a driver of change in greenhouse gas emissions. In this regard, understanding how the price of a carbon unit is formed becomes particularly relevant. The object of the study is the combination of factors and conditions of formation of prices for carbon credits as tools for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of the study is to identify the key determinants of establishing and changing the price of carbon credits. In the process of writing the article we used both general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization and classification of data, and special economic and mathematical methods, including correlation and regression analysis. The article investigated the European, New Zealand and Korean carbon unit trading systems. It was concluded that there are clusters of volatility in their markets of carbon units. The key determinants of carbon price volatility and factors contributing to their growth were identified: the price of crude oil, gas, coal, gasoline; shocks causing recession; the total volume of carbon emission quotas on the market; the volume of free allocated quotas; the number and list of industries covered by the system of trading in quotas. As a result, the stages of forming a price for carbon units for the purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions were determined and justified. The results obtained in the course of the study and the recommendations developed are aimed at creating a market for carbon units in Russia and improving its efficiency in comparison with existing practices. The results obtained will be used for further fundamental research and practical developments in the field of greenhouse gas emissions trading.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рынок углеродных единиц</kwd><kwd>биржевая торговля углеродными единицами</kwd><kwd>углеродные единицы</kwd><kwd>учет эмиссии парниковых газов</kwd><kwd>рынок парниковых газов</kwd><kwd>декарбонизация</kwd><kwd>устойчивое развитие</kwd><kwd>СТК</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbon market</kwd><kwd>carbon unit exchange trading</kwd><kwd>carbon units</kwd><kwd>greenhouse gas emission accounting</kwd><kwd>greenhouse gas market</kwd><kwd>decarbonization</kwd><kwd>sustainable development</kwd><kwd>ETS</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения проекта № FSSW-2023-0003 «Методология адаптации пуб личных и корпоративных финансов к принципам “зеленой экономики”», финансируемого за счет  средств государственного задания Минобрнауки России. Российский экономический университет имени Г. В. Плеханова. Москва, Российская Федерация.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article is drafted and funded in fulfillment of the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher  Education of Russia in the field of scientific activity state assignment No. FSSW-2023-0003  “Methodology for adapting public and corporate finance to the principles of green economy”.  Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. Moscow, Russian Federation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левакoв П. А., Баринoва В. А., Пoлбин А. В. Климатичеcкие риcки и финанcoвая cтабильнocть: рoль цен тральныx банкoв и вывoды для Рoccии. Вестник международных организаций: образование, наука, новая экономика. 2023;18(1):204–231. DOI: 10.17323/1996–7845–2023–01–09</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levakov P. A., Barinova V. A., Polbin A. V. Climate risks and financial stability: The role of central banks and implications for Russia. Vestnik mezhdunarodnykh organizatsii: obrazovanie, nauka, novaya ekonomika = International Organisations Research Journal. 2023;18(1):204–231. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17323/1996–7845-2023–01–09</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахмадеев Р. Г., Ордoв К. В., Косов М. Е. и др. Риски устойчивого развития и ESG-трансформация государства, бизнеса и общества. М.: Юнити-Дана; 2024. 216 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhmadeev R. G., Ordov K. V., Kosov M. E., et al. Sustainable development risks and ESG transformation of the state, business and society. Moscow: Unity-Dana; 2024. 216 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bollerslev T., Engle R. F., Nelson. D. ARCH models. In: Engle R. F., McFadden D.L., eds. Handbook of econometrics. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1994:2959–3038. DOI: 10.1016/S 1573–4412(05)80018–2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bollerslev T., Engle R. F., Nelson. D. ARCH models. In: Engle R. F., McFadden D.L., eds. Handbook of econometrics. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1994:2959–3038. DOI: 10.1016/S 1573–4412(05)80018–2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engle R. F., Bollerslev T. Modelling the persistence of conditional variances. Econometric Reviews. 1986;5(1):1–50. DOI: 10.1080/07474938608800095</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engle R. F., Bollerslev T. Modelling the persistence of conditional variances. Econometric Reviews. 1986;5(1):1–50. DOI: 10.1080/07474938608800095</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ji C.-J., Hu Y.-J., Tang B.-J. Research on carbon market price mechanism and influencing factors: A literature review. Natural Hazards. 2018;92(3):761–782. DOI: 10.1007/s11069–018–3223–1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ji C.-J., Hu Y.-J., Tang B.-J. Research on carbon market price mechanism and influencing factors: A literature review. Natural Hazards. 2018;92(3):761–782. DOI: 10.1007/s11069–018–3223–1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lovcha J., Perez-Laborda A., Sikora I. The determinants of CO2 prices in the EU emission trading system. Applied Energy. 2022;305:117903. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117903</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lovcha J., Perez-Laborda A., Sikora I. The determinants of CO2 prices in the EU emission trading system. Applied Energy. 2022;305:117903. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117903</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudnik K., Hnydiuk-Stefan A., Li Z., Ma Z. Short-term modeling of carbon price based on fuel and energy determinants in EU ETS. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023;417:137970. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137970</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudnik K., Hnydiuk-Stefan A., Li Z., Ma Z. Short-term modeling of carbon price based on fuel and energy determinants in EU ETS. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023;417:137970. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137970</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi B., Li N., Gao Q., Li G. Market incentives, carbon quota allocation and carbon emission reduction: Evidence from China’s carbon trading pilot policy. Journal of Environmental Management. 2022;319:115650. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi B., Li N., Gao Q., Li G. Market incentives, carbon quota allocation and carbon emission reduction: Evidence from China’s carbon trading pilot policy. Journal of Environmental Management. 2022;319:115650. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исмагилова О. Д. Ценообразование на углеродные выбросы: мировой опыт. Вестник Санкт-Петер бургского университета. Экономика. 2023;39(4):470–495. DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2023.402</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismagilova O. D. Carbon pricing worldwide. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ekonomika = St. Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies. 2023;39(4):470–495. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2023.402</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лысунец М. В. Углеродное ценообразование как инструмент трансграничного углеродного регулирования и “зеленой” трансформации мировой экономики. Мир новой экономики. 2023;17(2):27–36. DOI: 10.26794/2220–6469–2023–17–2–27–36</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lysunets M. V. Carbon pricing as a tool for cross-border carbon regulation and “green” transformation of the global economy. Mir novoi ekonomiki = The World of New Economy. 2023;17(2):27–36. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26794/2220–6469–2023–17–2–27–36</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергеева Н. В. Углеродный налог: перспективы применения и вызовы для российской экономики. Экономика. Налоги. Право. 2023;16(3):138–143. DOI: 10.26794/1999–849X-2023–16–3–138–143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergeeva N. V. Carbon tax: Application prospects and challenges for the Russian economy. Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo = Economics, Taxes &amp; Law. 2023;16(3):138–143. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26794/1999–849X-2023–16–3 138–143</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ordov K. V., Tsertseil Ju.S., Zatsarnaya N. A. Prospects for the development of the market of carbon units within the framework of the ESG orientation and the possibility of using green bonds for its development. In: Kaya M. V., Bayrakdar S., eds. Social and economic studies within the framework of emerging global developments. Vol. 3. Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH; 2023:145–158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ordov K. V., Tsertseil Ju.S., Zatsarnaya N. A. Prospects for the development of the market of carbon units within the framework of the ESG orientation and the possibility of using green bonds for its development. In: Kaya M. V., Bayrakdar S., eds. Social and economic studies within the framework of emerging global developments. Vol. 3. Berlin: Peter Lang GmbH; 2023:145–158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мусихин В. И., Рогатных Е. Б. Современная система торговли квотами на выбросы и углеродными единицами. Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. 2024;(1):39–56. DOI: 10.24412/2072–8042–2024–1 39–56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musikhin V. I., Rogatnykh E. B. Modern emissions trading and carbon credits system. Rossiiskii vneshneekonomicheskii vestnik = Russian Foreign Economic Journal. 2024;(1):39–56. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24412/2072–8042–2024–1–39–56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rontard B., Hernández H. R. Political construction of carbon pricing: Experience from New Zealand emissions trading scheme. Environmental Development. 2022;43:100727. DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2022.100727</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rontard B., Hernández H. R. Political construction of carbon pricing: Experience from New Zealand emissions trading scheme. Environmental Development. 2022;43:100727. DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2022.100727</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколенко В., Дьяченко Ю., Тюрина Е. Углеродные рынки в мире: механизмы и трансформация концепций. Известия Дальневосточного федерального университета. Экономика и управление. 2018;(4):119 137. DOI: 10.24866/2311–2271/2018–4/119–137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolenko V., Diachenko Yu., Tyurina E. World carbon markets: Mechanisms and concepts transformation. Izvestiya Dal’nevostochnogo federal’nogo universiteta. Ekonomika i upravlenie = The Bulletin of the Far Eastern Federal University. Economics and Management. 2018;(4):119–137. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24866/2311–2271/2018–4/119–137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зацарная Н. А. Налоговые инструменты как рычаги управления параметрами экономических субъектов и среды их функционирования. Идиосинкратический налоговый инструмент — переложение налогового бремени. Инновационное развитие экономики. 2021;(2–3):221–229. DOI: 10.51832/2223 7984_2021_2–3_221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zatsarnaya N. A. Tax instruments as levers for managing the parameters of economic entities and the environment of their functioning. Idiosyncratic tax instrument —  shifting the tax burden. Innovatsionnoe razvitie ekonomiki = Innovative Development of Economy. 2021;(2–3):221–229. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.51832/2223-7984_2021_2–3_221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin B., Jia Z. What are the main factors affecting carbon price in emission trading scheme? A case study in China. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;654:525–534. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin B., Jia Z. What are the main factors affecting carbon price in emission trading scheme? A case study in China. Science of The Total Environment. 2019;654:525–534. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maydybura A., Andrew B. A study of the determinants of emissions unit allowance price in the European Union emissions trading scheme. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal. 2011;5(4):123–142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maydybura A., Andrew B. A study of the determinants of emissions unit allowance price in the European Union emissions trading scheme. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal. 2011;5(4):123–142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ситников С. Л. Некоторые аспекты углеродного ценообразования и его особенности. Вестник Универ ситета имени О. Е. Кутафина (МГЮА). 2023;(9):188–198. DOI: 10.17803/2311–5998.2023.109.9.188–198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sitnikov S. L. Certain aspects of carbon pricing and its peculiarities. Vestnik Universiteta imeni O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA) = Courier of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2023;(9):188–198. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17803/2311–5998.2023.109.9.188–198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цалкович А. М., Храпов П. В. Прогнозирование условной волатильности фондовых индексов при по мощи нейронных сетей. Инженерный журнал: наука и инновации. 2013;(12):44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsalkovich A. M., Hrapov P. V. Forecasting the conditional volatility of stock indices using neural networks. Inzhenernyi zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii = Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation. 2013;(12):44. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саетова Л. Г. Основные модификации Arch модели. Проблемы экономики и менеджмента. 2014;(6):61–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saetova L. G. Main modifications of the Arch model. Problemy ekonomiki i menedzhmenta. 2014;(6):61–63. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Ni S., Tang X., Xie S., Wang P. Analysis of EU’s coupled carbon and electricity market development based on GPT large model and applications in China. Sustainability. 2024;16(23):10747. DOI: 10.3390/su162310747</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Ni S., Tang X., Xie S., Wang P. Analysis of EU’s coupled carbon and electricity market development based on GPT large model and applications in China. Sustainability. 2024;16(23):10747. DOI: 10.3390/su162310747</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ordov K. V., Tsertseil Yu.S., Zatsarnaya N. A. Assessment and development prospects of the green bond market in Russia. Lex Humana. 2023;15(2):268–281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ordov K. V., Tsertseil Yu.S., Zatsarnaya N. A. Assessment and development prospects of the green bond market in Russia. Lex Humana. 2023;15(2):268–281. 24. Kashbraziev R. V. Prospects for export of goods from Turkey to the European Union countries in the context of carbon taxation. Finance: Theory and Practice. 2024;28(2):178–191. DOI: 10.26794/2587–5671–2024–282–178–191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кашбразиев Р. В. Перспективы экспорта товаров из Турции в страны Европейского союза в контексте углеродного налогообложения. Финансы: теория и практика. 2024;28(2):178–191. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671–2024–28–2–178–191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaikina E. V., Bauer V. P. Financing “green” projects: Features, risks and tools. Finance: Theory and Practice. 2023;27(2):172–182. DOI: 10.26794/2587–5671–2023–27–2–172–182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чайкина Е. В., Бауэр В. П. Финансирование «зеленых» проектов: особенности, риски и инструменты. Финансы: теория и практика. 2023;27(2):172–182. DOI: 10.26794/2587–5671–2023–27–2–172–182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Чайкина Е. В., Бауэр В. П. Финансирование «зеленых» проектов: особенности, риски и инструменты. Финансы: теория и практика. 2023;27(2):172–182. DOI: 10.26794/2587–5671–2023–27–2–172–182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
