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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2025-29-5-21-33</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-3948</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦИФРОВЫЕ ФИНАНСОВЫЕ АКТИВЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIGITAL FINANCIAL ASSETS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биткойн, альткойны, цифровой рубль: об экономической природе криптовалют</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bitcoin, Altcoins, Digital Ruble: On the Economic Nature of Cryptocurrencies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-3395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>О. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Николаевна Волкова — кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga N. Volkova — Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Assoc. Prof.</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИУ ВШЭ — Санкт-Петербург</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics — Saint Petersburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волкова О.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова О.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova О.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/3948">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/3948</self-uri><abstract><p>Предмет данного исследования: криптовалюты — финансовый инструмент, широко используемый участниками фи­нансовых рынков с начала 2010-х гг. Однако их статус в финансовых системах разных стран до сих пор в процессе обсуждения; нет консенсуса в понимании экономической природы этих инструментов, что определяет актуальность исследования.</p><p>Цель работы — определить экономическую природу криптовалют и их место среди других бездокумен­тарных инструментов денежного рынка. В результате дискурсивного анализа и контент-анализа показано, что трак­товка экономической природы криптовалют сильно зависит от того, с позиции какого стейкхолдера и с какой целью эти вопросы решаются. Рассмотрены аргументы «за» и «против» признания криптовалют товаром, деньгами (в том числе электронными и частными), имуществом (в том числе товаром, ценными бумагами, финансовыми активами). Показано, что деньгами традиционные криптовалюты не являются. Всем функциям денег удовлетворяют только циф­ровые валюты центральных банков. Децентрализованные криптовалюты, такие как биткойн, обладают свойствами товара (имущества), поскольку не существует эмитентов, несущих какие бы то ни было обязательства по этим инстру­ментам. Для целей налогообложения разные виды криптовалют могут рассматриваться или как товар, или как ценные бумаги.</p><p>Сделан вывод, что актив, обладающий уникальными свойствами и характерным поведением на финансовом рынке, может быть отнесен к особой категории в финансовой отчетности. Если государство разрешит использовать криптовалюты в расчетах без ограничений, их можно будет рассматривать как эквивалент денежных средств.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cryptocurrencies are a type of financial instrument that has been widely used by financial market participants since the early 2010s. Despite their growing popularity, their status within financial systems across different countries remains a topic of ongoing discussion. There is still no consensus on how to best understand the economic nature of these digital assets. This paper uses discourse analysis and content analysis to explore the various interpretations of cryptocurrencies’ economic nature. The paper argues that the interpretation of cryptocurrency’s economic nature depends heavily on the perspective of the stakeholder and the intended purpose of using the term. It considers arguments both for and against treating cryptocurrencies as commodities, currencies (including electronic and private currencies), or properties (assets, such as financial assets). It concludes that traditional cryptocurrencies do not meet the criteria for being considered money, and only central bank-issued digital currencies can fulfill all the functions associated with money. Decentralized cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, cannot be classified as securities because there are no companies or organizations that issue these assets and bear any obligations under them. Instead, these assets have the characteristics of commodities. Different types of cryptocurrencies can be treated as either commodities or securities for tax purposes, depending on the specific circumstances. At the same time, assets with unique characteristics and behavior in the financial market may be included in a separate category for accounting purposes, or if the state allows for the use of cryptocurrencies in transactions without restrictions, they can be considered equivalent to cash.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криптовалюта</kwd><kwd>биткойн</kwd><kwd>альткойны</kwd><kwd>деньги</kwd><kwd>цифровая валюта центрального банка</kwd><kwd>финансовый актив</kwd><kwd>электронные деньги</kwd><kwd>цифровые деньги</kwd><kwd>виртуальные деньги</kwd><kwd>децентрализованные цифровые</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryptocurrency</kwd><kwd>bitcoin</kwd><kwd>altcoins</kwd><kwd>money</kwd><kwd>central bank digital currency</kwd><kwd>financial asset</kwd><kwd>electronic currency</kwd><kwd>digital currency</kwd><kwd>virtual currency</kwd><kwd>decentralized currency</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусов Ю.В. 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