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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2025-29-6-77-92</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-4085</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦИФРОВЫЕ ФИНАНСОВЫЕ АКТИВЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIGITAL FINANCIAL ASSETS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Децентрализация и токенизация финансов: понятийные, структурные и функциональные особенности DeFi</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Decentralization and Tokenization of Finance: Conceptual, Structural and Functional Features of DeFi</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6618-3095</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криворучко</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivoruchko</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Витальевна Криворучко – доктор экономических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник, профессор кафедры банковского дела и финансовых рынков</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Krivoruchko – Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Prof., Senior Researcher at the Research Center for Monetary Relations, Department of Banking and Financial Markets</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krivoruchko.sv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-0663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопатин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopatin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валерий Алексеевич Лопатин – кандидат экономических наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valeriy A. Lopatin – Cand. Sci. (Econ.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valopatin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-6492</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акулинкин</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akulinkin</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Станислав Сергеевич Акулинкин – кандидат экономических наук, научный сотрудник Института финансовых исследований, доцент кафедры финансовых технологий</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav S. Akulinkin – Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Research Fellow at the Institute for Financial Studies, Assoc. Prof., Department of Financial Technologies</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akulinkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный совет финансового рынка</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Financial Market Council</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Криворучко С.В., Лопатин В.А., Акулинкин С.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Криворучко С.В., Лопатин В.А., Акулинкин С.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krivoruchko S.V., Lopatin V.A., Akulinkin S.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/4085">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/4085</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе иисследуются децентрализованные финансы (DeFi) как децентрализованная система оборота финансовых токенов в виртуальных и криптопространствах.</p><p>Предметом исследования являются основные понятия, структуры и свойства DeFi.</p><p>Работа актуальна, поскольку в DeFi есть нерешенные вопросы. Например, нет четкого определения понятий и структуры. Недостаточно изучены факторы, которые снижают децентрализацию, и методы ее оценки. Кроме того, требует дополнительного изучения работа инфраструктуры DeFi. Это подчеркивает необходимость более глубокого анализа понятий, структур и особенностей DeFi.</p><p>Цель исследования – формирование теоретико-методологического фундамента DeFi в части уточнения понятийного аппарата и выявления особенностей функционирования.</p><p>Основой методологической базы исследования стали: объектно-субъектный подход к описанию сущностей; метод структурного анализа объектов; системный подход к моделированию объектов; процессный подход к анализу функционирования систем; сервисный подход к анализу взаимодействия обслуживающих и обслуживаемых систем.</p><p>В результате работы сформулировано понятие DeFi (включая понятие децентрализованной системы). Определены: факторы централизации (снижения децентрализации) DeFi; структура DeFi в виде совокупности подсистем оборота виртуальных финансовых токенов и криптотокенов; метод оценки степени децентрализации DeFi как системы оборота цифровых финансовых токенов; трехуровневая сервисная модель инфраструктуры DeFi; модель взаимодействия процессов оборота финансовых токенов.</p><p>Выводы: понятийный аппарат DeFi, включающий определение DeFi как децентрализованной системы оборота финансовых токенов в виртуальных и криптопространствах, позволил выявить особенности функционирования DeFi, обеспечивающие условия для существенно большей прозрачности правил и результатов выполнения финансовых операций по сравнению с традиционными централизованными финансовыми системами. Использование в финансовом обороте виртуальных и криптотокенов, а также других механизмов DeFi значительно снижает неопределенность и связанные с нею риски исполнения финансовых соглашений между экономическими субъектами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper studies DeFi (decentralized finance) as a decentralized system for the circulation of financial tokens in virtual and cryptocurrency spaces.</p><p>The subject of the study is the basic concepts, structures, and properties of DeFi.</p><p>The relevance of the work is determined by the presence of unresolved issues related to the conceptual apparatus and structure of DeFi, factors of reduction and methods for determining the level of decentralization of DeFi, the functioning of the DeFi infrastructure, which highlights the need for further research into the concepts, structures and properties of DeFi.</p><p>The aim of the study is to form a theoretical and methodological foundation for DeFi by clarifying the conceptual apparatus and identifying the features of DeFi functioning.</p><p>The methodological framework of the study is based on the following principles: an object-subjective approach to describing entities, a method of structural analysis of objects, a systems approach to model objects, a process approach to analyzing the functioning of systems, and a service approach to analyzing interactions between serving and served systems.</p><p>The study resulted in the formulation of the concept of DeFi (including the concept of a decentralized system). The following were identified: factors of centralization (reduced decentralization) of DeFi; the structure of DeFi as a set of subsystems for the circulation of virtual financial tokens and crypto tokens; a method for assessing the degree of DeFi decentralization as a system for the circulation of digital financial tokens; a three-tier service model of the DeFi infrastructure; and a model for the interaction of financial token circulation processes.</p><p>Conclusions: The conceptual framework of DeFi, including the definition of DeFi as a decentralized system for the circulation of financial tokens in virtual and crypto spaces, allows us to identify the functional features of DeFi that ensure conditions for significantly greater transparency of the rules and results of financial transactions compared to traditional centralized financial systems. The use of virtual and crypto tokens, along with other DeFi mechanisms in financial circulation, significantly reduces uncertainty and the associated risks of executing financial agreements between economic entities.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>токен</kwd><kwd>оборот токенов</kwd><kwd>финансы</kwd><kwd>финансовые токены</kwd><kwd>цифровое и нецифровое пространство</kwd><kwd>виртуальное и криптопространство</kwd><kwd>криптотокены</kwd><kwd>криптоактивы</kwd><kwd>криптоденьги</kwd><kwd>криптовалюты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>token</kwd><kwd>token circulation</kwd><kwd>finance</kwd><kwd>financial tokens</kwd><kwd>digital and non-digital space</kwd><kwd>virtual and crypto space</kwd><kwd>crypto tokens</kwd><kwd>crypto assets</kwd><kwd>crypto money</kwd><kwd>cryptocurrencies</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет бюджетных средств по государственному заданию Финансовому университету при Правительстве Российской Федерации. Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации, Москва, Российская Федерация.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared based on the results of research carried out at the expense of budget funds under the state assignment of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gudgeon L., Werner S., Perez D., Knottenbelt W. DeFi protocols for loanable funds: Interest rates, liquidity and market efficiency. In: Proc. 2nd ACM Conf. on advances in financial technologies. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery; 2020:92–112. 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