<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">finance</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Финансы: теория и практика/Finance: Theory and Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Finance: Theory and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5671</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7089</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Government of Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2587-5671-2026-30-1-200-213</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">finance-4176</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ БАНКОВСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEW BANKING TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Конвергенция DeFi и традиционного банкинга: потенциал, ограничения и сценарии трансформации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Convergence of DeFi and Traditional Banking: Potential, Limitations and Transformation Scenarios</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-6154</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверькова</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverkova</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Николаевна Зверькова – кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры банковского дела и страхования</p><p>Оренбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana N. Zverkova – Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Assoc. Prof., Department of Banking and Insurance</p><p>Orenburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tnzverkova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Оренбургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Orenburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>200</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зверькова Т.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зверькова Т.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zverkova T.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/4176">https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/4176</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается одно из центральных направлений современной финансовой трансформации, связанное с влиянием децентрализованных финансов (DeFi) на банковскую систему. Автор выходит за пределы стандартных обсуждений реакции банков на вызовы DeFi и формулирует иное видение их роли и функций в условиях цифровой экономики и Web3. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении и анализе изменений, обусловленных распространением DeFi, а также в рассмотрении возможных стратегий развития банков в условиях технологической трансформации. В отличие от традиционного подхода, сосредоточенного на противостоянии банков и DeFi-платформ, работа ориентирована на анализ будущих форм финансового посредничества. Рассматриваются концепции «Банков 5.0», «метабанков» и автономных цифровых экосистем, в рамках которых банковские функции частично реализуются в программируемой форме. Методы исследования включают сравнительный анализ структурных и функциональных различий между банковской системой и DeFi, аналитический обзор современных научных публикаций, а также оценку возможных сценариев эволюции банков в условиях распространения децентрализованных технологий. В результате установлено, что, несмотря на усиливающееся давление со стороны DeFi, банки сохраняют значимую экономическую роль при условии своевременной адаптации к технологическим изменениям. Выделяются три сценария развития: интеграция отдельных DeFi-элементов в банковские продукты, формирование гибридных моделей CeDeFi и постепенный переход к автономным алгоритмическим системам на основе смарт-контрактов и ИИ. Наиболее реалистичным признается гибридный сценарий, сочетающий инновации DeFi с надзором и защитой клиентов. Новизна работы состоит в концептуальном подходе к адаптации банков к децентрализованным технологиям и прогнозированию их дальнейшей эволюции в условиях Web3. Практическая значимость связана с возможностью использования выводов при разработке стратегий цифровой трансформации банков.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article explores one of the main trends in modern financial transformation, namely the impact of decentralized finance (DeFi) on the banking sector. The author goes beyond conventional discussions about banks’ responses to DeFi and proposes a different vision for their role and function in the digital economy and Web 3.0. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze changes brought about by the rise of DeFi, as well as to propose possible strategies for banks to adopt in light of technological advancements. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on the conflict between banks and DeFi platforms, this work emphasizes the analysis of future models of financial intermediation. Concepts such as «5.0 banks», «metabanks», and autonomous digital ecosystems are explored, where banking functions are implemented in a more programmable manner. The research methods include a comparative analysis of the structural and functional differences between the traditional banking system and decentralized finance (DeFi), an analytical review of recent scientific publications, and an assessment of potential future developments for banks in the face of decentralized technology. Based on this research, we found that banks remain an important part of the financial system, despite increasing pressure from decentralized finance. However, banks must adapt to technological change in order to maintain their relevance. We identified three possible paths for the future of banking: the integration of DeFi features into existing banking products, the creation of hybrid models that combine DeFi and traditional banking, and the transition to fully autonomous algorithmic systems powered by smart contracts and artificial intelligence. While all three scenarios are possible, we believe that the hybrid model that combines DeFi innovation with customer protection and regulation is the most likely to succeed in the long term. The novelty of this work lies in its conceptual approach to how banks can adapt to decentralized technologies and forecast their future evolution within the context of Web3. Its practical significance lies in the potential for using these findings to develop digital transformation strategies for banks.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>децентрализованные финансы</kwd><kwd>DeFi</kwd><kwd>банки</kwd><kwd>CeDeFi</kwd><kwd>блокчейн</kwd><kwd>смарт-контракты</kwd><kwd>цифровые активы</kwd><kwd>финансовое посредничество</kwd><kwd>инновации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>decentralized finance</kwd><kwd>DeFi</kwd><kwd>banks</kwd><kwd>CeDeFi</kwd><kwd>blockchain</kwd><kwd>smart contracts</kwd><kwd>digital assets</kwd><kwd>financial intermediation</kwd><kwd>innovation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jagtiani J. A., Allen F., Gu X. Fintech, cryptocurrencies, and CBDC: Financial structural transformation in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2022. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4021436</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jagtiani J. A., Allen F., Gu X. Fintech, cryptocurrencies, and CBDC: Financial structural transformation in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2022. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4021436</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmud S., Wahid T., Chowdhury A. N., Ekra M. J. The implication of DeFi in disrupting the global banking system. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2023. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4491898</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmud S., Wahid T., Chowdhury A. N., Ekra M. J. The implication of DeFi in disrupting the global banking system. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2023. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4491898</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зеленкевич М. Л., Краснова И. И. Децентрализованные финансы в цифровой экономике. Управление цифровой трансформацией бизнеса. Минск: Информационно-вычислительный центр Министерства финансов Республики Беларусь; 2022:148-175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelenkevich M. L., Krasnova I. I. Decentralized finance in the digital economy. In: Managing digital business transformation. Minsk: Information and Computing Center of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus; 2022:148-175. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvey C. R., Ramachandran A., Santoro J. DeFi and the future of finance. SSRN Working Paper. 2021. URL: https://compoundmaven.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DeFi-And-The-Future-Of-Finance-Duke-University-August-2021. pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvey C. R., Ramachandran A., Santoro J. DeFi and the future of finance. SSRN Working Paper. 2021. URL: https://compoundmaven.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DeFi-And-The-Future-Of-Finance-Duke-University-August-2021. pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zetzsche D. A., Arner D. W., Buckley R. P. Decentralized finance (DeFi). Journal of Financial Regulation. 2020;6(2):172-203. DOI: 10.1093/jfr/fjaa010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zetzsche D. A., Arner D. W., Buckley R. P. Decentralized finance (DeFi). Journal of Financial Regulation. 2020;6(2):172-203. DOI: 10.1093/jfr/fjaa010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Werner S. M., Perez D., Gudgeon L., et al. SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi). arXiv preprint. 2022. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2101.08778</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Werner S. M., Perez D., Gudgeon L., et al. SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi). arXiv preprint. 2022. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2101.08778</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schär F. Decentralized finance: On blockchain and smart contract based financial markets. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. 2021;103(2):153-174. DOI: 10.20955/r.103.153-74</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schär F. Decentralized finance: On blockchain and smart contract based financial markets. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. 2021;103(2):153-174. DOI: 10.20955/r.103.153-74</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фомин Д. А. Формирование децентрализованных финансовых институтов в качестве альтернативы кредитно-финансовым организациям. Экономические науки. 2021;(196):33-37. DOI: 10.14451/1.196.33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomin D. A. Formation of decentralized financial institutions as an alternative to credit and financial organizations. Ekonomicheskie nauki = Economic Sciences. 2021;(196):33-37. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14451/1.196.33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Webb A. Decentralized finance (DeFi) and its implications on traditional network economics: A comparative study on market power, pricing dynamics, and user adoption. International Journal of Cryptocurrency Research. 2024;4(1):40-46. DOI: 10.51483/IJCCR.4.1.2024.40-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Webb A. Decentralized finance (DeFi) and its implications on traditional network economics: A comparative study on market power, pricing dynamics, and user adoption. International Journal of Cryptocurrency Research. 2024;4(1):40-46. DOI: 10.51483/IJCCR.4.1.2024.40-46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамова М. А., Криворучко С. В., Луняков О. В., Фиапшев А. Б. Теоретико-методологический взгляд на предпосылки возникновения и особенности функционирования децентрализованных финансов. Финансы: теория и практика. 2025;29(1):80-96. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2025-29-1-80-96</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova M. A., Krivoruchko S. V., Lunyakov O. V., Fiapshev A. B. Theoretical and methodological perspective on the prerequisites of emergence and peculiarities of the functioning of decentralized finance. Finance: Theory and Practice. 2025;29(1):80-96. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2025-29-1-80-96</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaur S., Singh S., Gupta S., Wats S. Risk analysis in decentralized finance (DeFi): A fuzzy-AHP approach. Risk Management. 2023;25(2):13. DOI: 10.1057/s41283-023-00118-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaur S., Singh S., Gupta S., Wats S. Risk analysis in decentralized finance (DeFi): A fuzzy-AHP approach. Risk Management. 2023;25(2):13. DOI: 10.1057/s41283-023-00118-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скрипник О. Б. Риски и возможности использования децентрализованных финансов в российской финансовой системе. Финансовые рынки и банки. 2024;(2):154-157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skripnik O. B. Risks and opportunities of using decentralized finance in the Russian financial system. Finansovye rynki i banki = Financial Markets and Banks. 2024;(2):154-157. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуддасаров Р. Р., Жигас М. Г. Развитие рынка децентрализованных финансов (DeFi) в Российской Федерации. Управленческий учет. 2024;(11):105-110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guddasarov R. R., Zhigas M. G. Development of decentralized finance market (DeFi) in the Russian Federation. Upravlencheskii uchet = The Management Accounting Journal. 2024;(11):105-110. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. Т. 1. Пер. с англ. М.: Соцэкгиз; 1935. 371 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith A. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. London: Methuen &amp; Co., Ltd.; 1904. 1152 p. (Russ. ed.: Smith A. Issledovanie o prirode i prichinakh bogatstva narodov. Vol. 1. Moscow: Sotsekgiz; 1935. 371 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рикардо Д. Начала политической экономии и налогового обложения. Пер. с англ. М.: АСТ; 2023. 576 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ricardo D. On the principles of political economy and taxation. London: John Murrey; 1817. 589 p. (Russ. ed.: Ricardo D. Nachala politicheskoi ekonomii i nalogovogo oblozheniya. Moscow: AST; 2023. 576 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Милль Дж. С. Основы политической экономии с некоторыми приложениями к социальной философии. Пер. с англ. М.: Эксмо; 2007. 1040 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mill J. S. Principles of political economy with some of their applications to social philosophy. London: Longmans, Green and Co.; 1909. 627 p. (Russ. ed.: Mill J. S. Osnovy politicheskoi ekonomii s nekotorymi prilozheniyami k sotsial’noi filosofii. Moscow: Eksmo; 2007. 1040 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сэй Ж.-Б. Трактат по политической экономии. Пер. с франц. М.: Дело; АНХ при Правительстве РФ; 2000. 232 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Say J.-B. Traité d’économie politique ou Simple exposition de la manière dont se forment, se distribuent et se consomment les richesses. Paris: Chez Antoine-Augustin Renouard; 1803. 393 p. (Russ. ed.: Say J.-B. Traktat po politicheskoi ekonomii. Moscow: Delo; Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation; 2000. 232 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Австрийская школа в политической экономии: К. Менгер, Е. Бём-Баверк, Ф. Визер. Пер. с нем. М.: Экономика; 1992. 496 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Austrian school of political economy: K. Menger, E. Böhm-Bawerk, F. Wieser. Transl. from German. Moscow: Ekonomika; 1992. 496 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wicksell K. Lectures on political economy. Vol. 1: General theory. Transl. from Swedish. New York, NY: A. M. Kelley; 1967. 326 p. URL: https://cdn.mises.org/Lectures%20on%20Political%20Economy%20-%20Volume%20I%20General%20Theory_2.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wicksell K. Lectures on political economy. Vol. 1: General theory. Transl. from Swedish. New York, NY: A. M. Kelley; 1967. 326 p. URL: https://cdn.mises.org/Lectures%20on%20Political%20Economy%20-%20Volume%20I%20General%20Theory_2.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бём-Баверк О. Капитал и прибыль. Т. 2. Позитивная теория капитала. Т. 3. Экскурсы. 2-е изд. Пер. с англ. М., Челябинск: Социум; 2020. 917 с. (Австрийская школа. Вып. 2).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Böhm-Bawerk E. R. von. Capital and interest. Vol. 2. The positive theory of capital. Vol. 3. Further essays on capital and interest. South Holland, IL: Libertatian Press; 1959. 951 p. (Russ. ed.: Böhm-Bawerk O. Kapital i pribyl’. Vol. 2: Pozitivnaya teoriya kapitala. Vol. 3: Ekskursy. 2nd ed. Chelyabinsk: Sotsium; 2020. 917 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маршалл А. Принципы экономической науки. В 3-х т. Пер. с англ. М.: Прогресс; Универс; 1993. Т. 1-415 с.; Т. 2-310 с.; Т. 3-351 с. (Экономическая мысль Запада).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall A. Principles of economics. London: Macmillan and Co.; 1920. 627 p. (Russ. ed.: Marshall A. Printsipy ekonomicheskoi nauki. In 3 vols. Moscow: Progress; Univers; 1993. Vol. 1-415 p.; Vol. 2-310 p.; Vol. 3-351 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фишер И. Покупательная сила денег. Ее определение и отношение к кредиту, проценту и кризисам. Пер. с англ. М.: Дело; 2001. 320 с. (Политическая экономия).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher I. The purchasing power of money: Its determination and relation to credit, interest and crises. New York, NY: The Macmillan Co.; 1911. 515 p. (Russ. ed.: Fisher I. Pokupatel’naya sila deneg. Eyo opredelenie i otnoshenie k kreditu, protsentu i krizisam. Moscow: Delo; 2001. 320 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хикс Дж. Теория экономической истории. 2-е изд. Пер. с англ. М.: Вопросы экономики; 2006. 224 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hicks J. R. A theory of economic history. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1973. 192 p. (Russ. ed.: Hicks J. Teoriya ekonomicheskoi istorii. Moscow: Voprosy ekonomiki; 2003. 224 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коуз Р. Фирма, рынок и право. Пер. с англ. М.: Новое издательство; 2007. 224 с. (Библиотека Фонда «Либеральная миссия»).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coase R. H. The firm, the market and the law. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press; 1990. 217 p. (Russ. ed.: Coase R. Firma, rynok i pravo. Moscow: Novoe izdatel’stvo 2007. 224 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уильямсон О. И. Экономические институты капитализма: фирмы, рынки, «отношенческая» контрак- тация. Пер. с англ. СПб.: Лениздат; 1996. 702 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson O. E. The economic institutions of capitalism: Firms, markets, relational contracting. New York, NY: The Free Press; 1985. 468 p. (Russ. ed.: Williamson O. E. Ekonomicheskie instituty kapitalizma: firmy, rynki, “otnoshencheskaya” kontraktatsiya. St. Petersburg: Lenizdat 1996. 702 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen M. C., Meckling W. H. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics. 1976;3(4):305-360. DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jensen M. C., Meckling W. H. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics. 1976;3(4):305-360. DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart O. Firms, contracts, and financial structure. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1995. 272 p. URL: http://www.library.fa.ru/files/Hart-Firms.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart O. Firms, contracts, and financial structure. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1995. 272 p. URL: http://www.library.fa.ru/files/Hart-Firms.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmström B. Moral hazard and observability. The Bell Journal of Economics. 1979;10(1):74-91. DOI: 10.2307/3003320</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmström B. Moral hazard and observability. The Bell Journal of Economics. 1979;10(1):74-91. DOI: 10.2307/3003320</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бьюкенен Дж. Сочинения. Т. 1. Пер. с англ. М.: Таурус Альфа; 1997. 560 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buchanan J. Essays. Vol. 1. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Taurus Alfa; 1997. 560 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олсон М. Логика коллективных действий. Общественные блага и теория групп. Пер. с англ. М.: ФЭИ; 1995. 174 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olson M. The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1971. 186 p. (Russ. ed.: Olson M. Logika kollektivnykh deistvii: Obshchestvennye blaga i teoriya grupp. Moscow: Economic Initiative Fund; 1995. 174 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эрроу К. Дж. Коллективный выбор и индивидуальные ценности. Пер. с англ. М.: Изд. дом ГУ ВШЭ; 2004. 201 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arrow K. J. Social choice and individual values. New Haven, London: Yale University Press; 1970. 144 p. (Russ. ed.: Arrow K. J. Kollektivnyi vybor i individual’nye tsennosti. Moscow: HSE Publ.; 2004. 201 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркс К. Капитал. Критика политической экономии. Т. 1. Кн. 1. Процесс производства капитала. Пер. с нем. М.: Политиздат; 1969. 908 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marx K. Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Band 1. Buch I: Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals. Hamburg: Verlag von Otto Weissner; 1867. 784 p. (Russ. ed.: Marx K. Kapital. Kritika politicheskoi ekonomii. Vol. 1. Bk. 1. Protsess proizvodstva kapitala. Moscow: Politizdat; 1969. 908 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фишер И. Покупательная сила денег. Ее определение и отношение к кредиту, проценту и кризисам. Пер. с англ. М.: Финансовое изд-во НКФ СССР; 1925. 399 с. URL: https://elib.fa.ru/oldbook/Fisher.pdf/view (дата обращения: 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher I. The purchasing power of money: Its determination and relation to credit, interest and crises. New York, NY: The Macmillan Co.; 1911. 515 p. (Russ. ed.: Fisher I. Pokupatel’naya sila deneg. Eyo opredelenie i otnoshenie k kreditu, protsentu i krizisam. Moscow: Narkomfin SSSR; 1925. 399 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Пер. с англ. М.: АСТ; 2024. 352 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keynes J. M. The general theory of employment, interest and money. London: Macmillan; 1936. 383 p. (Russ. ed.: Keynes J. M. Obshchaya teoriya zanyatosti, protsenta i deneg. Moscow: AST; 2024. 352 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фридман М. Если бы деньги заговорили… Пер. с англ. М.: Дело; 1999. 160 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman M. If money could talk… Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Delo; 1999. 160 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Патинкин Д. Деньги, процент и цены. Соединение теории денег и теории стоимости. Пер. с англ. М.: Экономика; 2004. 375 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patinkin D. Money, interest and prices: An integration of monetary and value theory. New York, Tokyo: Harper &amp; Row; 1966. 708 p. (Russ. ed.: Patinkin D. Den’gi, protsent i tseny. Soedinenie teorii deneg i teorii stoimosti. Moscow: Ekonomika; 2004. 375 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tobin J. The interest-elasticity of transactions demand for cash. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 1956;38(3):241-247. DOI: 10.2307/1925776</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobin J. The interest-elasticity of transactions demand for cash. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 1956;38(3):241-247. DOI: 10.2307/1925776</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernanke B. S. The macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A comparative approach. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. 1995;27(1):1-28. URL: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/meltzer/bermac95.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernanke B. S. The macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A comparative approach. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. 1995;27(1):1-28. URL: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/meltzer/bermac95.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayek F. A. Denationalisation of money: An analysis of the theory and practice of concurrent currencies. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs; 1976. 108 p. URL: https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Denationalisation%20of%20Money.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayek F. A. Denationalisation of money: An analysis of the theory and practice of concurrent currencies. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs; 1976. 108 p. URL: https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Denationalisation%20of%20Money.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katz M. L., Shapiro C. Systems competition and network effects. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1994;8(2):93-115. DOI: 10.1257/jep.8.2.93</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katz M. L., Shapiro C. Systems competition and network effects. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1994;8(2):93-115. DOI: 10.1257/jep.8.2.93</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farrell J., Shapiro C. Antitrust evaluation of horizontal mergers: An economic alternative to market definition. The B. E. Journal of Theoretical Economics. 2010;10(1):9. URL: https://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/alternative.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farrell J., Shapiro C. Antitrust evaluation of horizontal mergers: An economic alternative to market definition. The B. E. Journal of Theoretical Economics. 2010;10(1):9. URL: https://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/alternative.pdf (accessed on 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira A. Decentralized finance (DeFi): The ultimate regulatory frontier? Capital Markets Law Journal. 2024;(19):242-259. DOI: 10.1093/cmlj/kmae007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira A. Decentralized finance (DeFi): The ultimate regulatory frontier? Capital Markets Law Journal. 2024;(19):242-259. DOI: 10.1093/cmlj/kmae007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auer R., Haslhofer B., Kitzler S., et al. The technology of decentralized finance (DeFi). Digital Finance. 2023;6(1):55-95. DOI: 10.1007/s42521-023-00088-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auer R., Haslhofer B., Kitzler S., et al. The technology of decentralized finance (DeFi). Digital Finance. 2023;6(1):55-95. DOI: 10.1007/s42521-023-00088-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schuler K., Cloots A. S., Schär F. On DeFi and on-chain CeFi: How (not) to regulate decentralized finance. Journal of Financial Regulation. 2024;10(2):213-242. DOI: 10.1093/jfr/fjad014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schuler K., Cloots A. S., Schär F. On DeFi and on-chain CeFi: How (not) to regulate decentralized finance. Journal of Financial Regulation. 2024;10(2):213-242. DOI: 10.1093/jfr/fjad014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uzougbo N. S., Ikegwu C. G., Adewusi A. O. Regulatory frameworks for decentralized finance (DeFi): Challenges and opportunities. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews. 2024;19(2):116-129. DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.19.2.0170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uzougbo N. S., Ikegwu C. G., Adewusi A. O. Regulatory frameworks for decentralized finance (DeFi): Challenges and opportunities. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews. 2024;19(2):116-129. DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.19.2.0170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Намиот Д. Е., Куприяновский В. П. Архитектурные модели Web3. International Journal of Open Information Technologies. 2024;12(2):84-95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Namiot D., Kupriyanovsky V. P. Web3 architectural models. International Journal of Open Information Technologies. 2024;12(2):84-95. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toderașcu C., Nicolăescu V. G. The potential of Web3 regarding decentralized finance (DeFi). Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law. 2023;(30):243-250. DOI: 10.47743/jopafl-2023-30-22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toderașcu C., Nicolăescu V. G. The potential of Web3 regarding decentralized finance (DeFi). Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law. 2023;(30):243-250. DOI: 10.47743/jopafl-2023-30-22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Momtaz P. P. Some very simple economics of Web3 and the metaverse. FinTech. 2022;1(3):225-234. DOI: 10.3390/fintech1030018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Momtaz P. P. Some very simple economics of Web3 and the metaverse. FinTech. 2022;1(3):225-234. DOI: 10.3390/fintech1030018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кинг Б. Банк 4.0: Новая финансовая реальность. Пер. с англ. М.: Олимп-Бизнес; 2020. 476 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King B. Bank 4.0: Banking everywhere, never at a bank. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd; 2018. 328 p. (Russ. ed.: King B. Bank 4.0: Novaya finansovaya real’nost’. Moscow: Olymp-Business; 2020. 476 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicoletti B. Banking 5.0: How Fintech will change traditional banks in the “new normal” post pandemic. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2021. 540 p. (Palgrave Studies in Financial Services Technology). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-75871-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicoletti B. Banking 5.0: How Fintech will change traditional banks in the “new normal” post pandemic. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2021. 540 p. (Palgrave Studies in Financial Services Technology). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-75871-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
