Preview

Finance: Theory and Practice

Advanced search

Application of the Company’s “Golden Age” Effect in the Economic Practice

https://doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2024-28-3-61-83

Abstract

Taking into account the conditions of the real functioning of companies, one of the most striking effects in financial management is investigated: the “golden age” of the company (when the cost of capital raised is below the perpetuity limit, and the company’s value is higher). With this aim the dependence of cost of raising capital, WACC, on the age of company, n, is studied at various leverage levels, at various values of equity and debt costs, at different frequencies of tax on income payments, p, with advance payments of tax on income and payments at the end of periods, at variable income of the companies. The existence of the weighted average cost of capital, WACC, minimum and its behavior at wide range of above parameters is investigated. All calculations are made within modern theory of capital cost and capital structure by Brusov-Filatova-Orekhova (BFO theory), generalized to the conditions of the real functioning of the company. Practical recommendations for using and maintaining the “golden age” effect are given. It is shown, that “the golden age” depends on the financial indicators of the company. It can change and be controlled by changing parameters such as the cost of capital (equity and debt), frequency and method of tax on income payments, growth income rate etc. The study of the dependence of WACC on the age of the company n, WACC(n), which can only be carried out within the framework of the BFO theory, turns out to be very important in the income approach to business valuation. This allows you to link a retrospective analysis of a company’s financial condition with a representative analysis as part of a business valuation.

About the Authors

P. N. Brusov
Financial University
Russian Federation

Peter N. Brusov — Dr. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Prof., Department of Modeling and System Analysis

Moscow


Competing Interests:

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.



T. V. Filatova
Financial University
Russian Federation

Tatiana V. Filatova — Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Prof., Department of Financial and Investment Management

Moscow


Competing Interests:

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.



V. L. Kulik
VTB Bank Ltd.
Russian Federation

Veniamin L. Kulik — Account Manager

Moscow


Competing Interests:

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.



References

1. Мodigliani F., Мiller M.H. The cost of capital, corporate finance, and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review. 1958;48(3):261–297.

2. Мodigliani F., Мiller M.H. Corporate income taxes and the cost of capital: A correction. The American Economic Review. 1963;53(3):433–443.

3. Miller M.H., Modigliani F. Some estimates of the cost of capital to the electric utility industry, 1954–1957. The American Economic Review. 1966;56(3):333–391.

4. Hamada R.S. Portfolio analysis, market equilibrium, and corporate finance. The Journal of Finance. 1969;24(1):13– 31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540–6261.1969.tb00339.x

5. Miller M.H. Debt and taxes. The Journal of Finance. 1977;32(2):261–275. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540–6261.1977.tb03267.x

6. Farber A., Gillet R., Szafarz A. A general formula for the WACC. International Journal of Business. 2006;11(2):211– 218.

7. Fernandez P. A general formula for the WACC: A comment. International Journal of Business. 2006;11(2):219.

8. Berk J., DeMarzo P. Corporate finance. Boston, MA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley; 2007. 988 p.

9. Harris R.S., Pringle J.J. Risk-adjusted discount rates — extension from the average-risk case. The Journal of Financial Research. 1985;8(3):237–244. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475–6803.1985.tb00406.x

10. Baumol W.J., Panzar J.G., Willig R.D. Contestable markets and the theory of industry structure. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1982. 510 p.

11. Black F. Noise. The Journal of Finance. 1986;41(3):528–543. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540–6261.1986.tb04513.x

12. Becker D.M. The difference between Modigliani-Miller and Miles-Ezzell and its consequences for the valuation of annuities. Cogent Economics & Finance. 2021;9(1):1862446. DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2020.1862446

13. Brealey R.A., Myers S.C. Principles of corporate finance. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1981. 794 p.

14. Brealey R.A., Myers S.C., Allen F. Principles of corporate Finance. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014. 1016 p.

15. Bhattacharya S. Project valuation with mean-reverting cash flow streams. The Journal of Finance. 1978;33(5):1317– 1331. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540–6261.1978.tb03422.x

16. Myers S.C. Capital structure. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2001;15(2):81–102. DOI: 10.1257/jep.15.2.81

17. Filatova Т., Orekhova N., Brusova А.Weight average capital cost in the theory of Modigliani-Miller modified for the end time of the company’s life. Vestnik Finansovogo universiteta = Bulletin of the Financial University. 2008;(4):68–77. (In Russ.).

18. Brusov P., Filatova T., Orekhova N., Eskindarov M. Modern corporate finance, investments, taxation and ratings. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer-Verlag; 2018. 571 p.

19. Brusov P., Filatova T., Orehova N., Kulik V. The golden age of the company: (three colors of company’s time). Journal of Reviews on Global Economics. 2015;4:21–42. DOI: 10.6000/1929–7092.2015.04.03

20. Brusov P., Filatova T., Orekhova N., Kulik V. A “golden age” of the companies: Conditions of its existence. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics. 2018;7:88–103.

21. Brusov P., Filatova T. Capital structure theory: Past, present, future. Mathematics. 2023;11(3):616. DOI: 10.3390/math11030616

22. Dimitropoulos P. Capital structure and corporate governance of soccer clubs: European evidence. Management Research Review. 2014;37(7):658–678. DOI: 10.1108/MRR09–2012–0207

23. Machado L.K.C., do Prado J.W., Vieira K.C., Antonialli L.M., dos Santos A.C. The relevance of capital structure on firm performance: A multivariate analysis of publicly traded Brazilian companies. Revista de Educação e Pesquisa em Contabilidade (REPeC) = Journal of Education and Research in Accounting. 2015;9(4):384–401. DOI: 10.17524/repec.v9i4.1313

24. Barbi M. On the risk-neutral value of debt tax shields. Applied Financial Economics. 2012;22(3):251–258. DOI: 10.1080/09603107.2011.613754

25. Franc-Dąbrowska J., Mądra-Sawicka M., Milewska A. Energy sector risk and cost of capital assessment — companies and investors perspective. Energies. 2021;14(6):1613. DOI: 10.3390/en14061613

26. Angotti M., de Lacerda Moreira R., Bernardes do Nascimento J.H., Neto de Almeida Bispo O.Analysis of an equity investment strategy based on accounting and financial reports in Latin American markets. Reficont: Revista de Finanças e Contabilidade da Unimep. 2018;5(2):22–40. (In Portug.).

27. Vergara-Novoa C., Sepúlveda-Rojas J.P., Alfaro M. D., Riveros N. Cost of capital estimation for highway concessionaires in Chile. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2018;2018:2153536. DOI: 10.1155/2018/2153536

28. Mundi H.S., Kaur P., Murty R.L.N. A qualitative inquiry into the capital structure decisions of overconfident finance managers of family-owned businesses in India. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets. 2022;14(3):357–379. DOI: 10.1108/QRFM02–2020–0019

29. Sadiq M., Alajlani S., Hussain M.S., Ahmad R., Bashir F., Chupradit S.Impact of credit, liquidity, and systematic risk on financial structure: Comparative investigation from sustainable production. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022;29(14):20963–20975. DOI: 10.1007/s11356–021–17276-x

30. Becker D.M.Getting the valuation formulas right when it comes to annuities. Managerial Finance. 2022;48(3):470– 499. DOI: 10.1108/MF03–2021–0135

31. El-Chaarani H., Abraham R., Skaf Y. The impact of corporate governance on the financial performance of the banking sector in the MENA (Middle Eastern and North African) region: An immunity test of banks for COVID 19. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2022;15(2):82. DOI: 10.3390/jrfm15020082

32. Brusov P., Filatova T., Kulik V. Capital asset pricing Model 2.0: Account of business and financial risk. Preprints. 2023:2023100347. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202310.0347.v1

33. Brusov P., Filatova T., Kulik V., Chang S.-I., Lin G., Chang L.-M. Can CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) accurately value assets? In: Li E.Y., ed. Proc. 23rd Int. conf. on electronic business (ICEB’23). (Chiayi, October 19–23, 2023). Atlanta, GA: Association of Information Systems; 2023:60–70. URL: https://iceb.johogo.com/proceedings/2023/ICEB2023_paper_65.pdf

34. Brusov P., Filatova T., Kulik V., Chang S.-I., Lin G., Chang L.-M. Precision finance: Capital structure theories approach reality. In: Li E.Y., ed. Proc. 23rd Int. conf. on electronic business (ICEB’23). (Chiayi, October 19–23, 2023). Atlanta, GA: Association of Information Systems; 2023:466–480. URL: https://iceb.johogo.com/proceedings/2023/ICEB2023_paper_66.pdf

35. Brusov P., Filatova T., Orekhova N.The Brusov-Filatova-Orekhova theory of capital structure: Applications in corporate finance, investments, taxation and ratings. Cham: Springer-Verlag; 2023. 769 p. DOI: 10.1007/978–3–031–27929–4

36. Brusov P., Filatova T., Orekhova N. Generalized Modigliani-Miller theory: Applications in corporate finance, investments, taxation and ratings. Cham: Springer-Verlag; 2022. 362 p. (Contributions to Finance and Accounting). DOI: 10.1007/978–3–030–93893–2

37. Brusov P, Filatova T., Orekhova N. Ratings: Critical analysis and new approaches of quantitative and qualitative methodology. Cham: Springer-Verlag; 2021. 369 p.


Review

For citations:


Brusov P.N., Filatova T.V., Kulik V.L. Application of the Company’s “Golden Age” Effect in the Economic Practice. Finance: Theory and Practice. 2024;28(3):61-83. https://doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2024-28-3-61-83

Views: 281


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2587-5671 (Print)
ISSN 2587-7089 (Online)